Computational Models – Pushing or Pulling the Realm of Experimental Biomechanics?
by
Jeff R. Crandall
University of Virginia

The increasing complexity of constitutive formulations and model geometry used in simulation studies is transforming the nature of biomechanical experiments employed in the development and validation of these models. Using the field of impact biomechanics as an example, this paper explores the evolution of human models from multi-body models to current state-of-the-art finite element models and the associated demands placed on experimental testing and analysis of data. Procedures for developing model geometry and meshes from imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are reviewed using hard and soft tissue examples. Incorporation of increasing temporal and spatial nonlinearities in material property representations of finite element models has necessitated the development of complicated test procedures for determination of viscoelastic constitutive parameters. The progression of experimental test techniques for identifying these parameters are presented along with a timeline highlighting the chronology of increasing model complexity. The role of computational models in interpreting the sensitivity of experimental initial and boundary conditions are discussed in terms of current practices relative to the traditional interpretation and analysis of data. In particular, the use of optimization techniques in the design of experiments and the reduction of design space breadth are presented.

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Date received: September 24, 2007